ORIGINAL PAPER
Resilience and quality of life in chronically ill youth
Submission date: 2015-04-20
Final revision date: 2015-06-19
Acceptance date: 2015-06-20
Online publication date: 2015-09-01
Publication date: 2015-09-01
Health Psychology Report 2015;3(3):220–236
KEYWORDS
choroba przewlekłaczynniki ochronnejakość życiamłodzieżodporność psychicznachronic illnessprotective factorsquality of lifeyouthresilience
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background
The goal of this article is to present some issues related to the concept of resilience and subjective quality of life of youth. This study was concerned with subjective quality of life, and the variables important for adaptation in the face of stress associated with illness, treatment and hospitalization. The assessment of psychological variables included social skills/competences, sense of self-efficacy, perceived social support, coping strategies, depression and subjective quality of life.
Participants and procedure
The study involved 154 participants (102 girls) aged 11-18, who were hospitalised with chronic illnesses. K-means cluster analysis allowed us to distinguish between three subgroups of youth, which were then compared in terms of the variables of interest.
Results
Among the participants there are well-adapted and resilient individuals, individuals of intermediate levels of adaptation and maladapted individuals (risk subgroup). These subgroups differ significantly in terms of psychosocial variables, coping strategies, depressive symptoms and subjective quality of life. Resilience co-occurs with adaptive coping strategies, low levels of depressive reactions and high quality of life.
Conclusions
Our results suggest the need to appreciate the role of protective factors for health and quality of life, and to facilitate the strengthening of the personal and social resources of less adapted individuals. It is important to take actions to help youths who fall into the risk group, who are vulnerable to abnormal adaptation processes and are at risk of further problems, affecting both their mental and somatic health.
The goal of this article is to present some issues related to the concept of resilience and subjective quality of life of youth. This study was concerned with subjective quality of life, and the variables important for adaptation in the face of stress associated with illness, treatment and hospitalization. The assessment of psychological variables included social skills/competences, sense of self-efficacy, perceived social support, coping strategies, depression and subjective quality of life.
Participants and procedure
The study involved 154 participants (102 girls) aged 11-18, who were hospitalised with chronic illnesses. K-means cluster analysis allowed us to distinguish between three subgroups of youth, which were then compared in terms of the variables of interest.
Results
Among the participants there are well-adapted and resilient individuals, individuals of intermediate levels of adaptation and maladapted individuals (risk subgroup). These subgroups differ significantly in terms of psychosocial variables, coping strategies, depressive symptoms and subjective quality of life. Resilience co-occurs with adaptive coping strategies, low levels of depressive reactions and high quality of life.
Conclusions
Our results suggest the need to appreciate the role of protective factors for health and quality of life, and to facilitate the strengthening of the personal and social resources of less adapted individuals. It is important to take actions to help youths who fall into the risk group, who are vulnerable to abnormal adaptation processes and are at risk of further problems, affecting both their mental and somatic health.
REFERENCES (84)
1.
Alriksson-Schmidt, A. I., Wallander, J., & Biasini, F. (2006). Quality of Life and Resilience in Adolescents with a Mobility Disability. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 370-379.
2.
Amer, K. S. (1999). Children’s adaptation to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a critical review of the literature. Paediatric Nursing, 25, 627-631.
3.
Armstrong, M., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Ungar, M., & Friesen, B. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 269-281.
4.
Bandura, A. (1999). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. In: R. F. Baumeister (ed.), The Self in Social Psychology (pp. 285-297). Ann Arbor: Psychology Press.
5.
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in Family, School, and Community. Washington: Department of Education.
7.
Bolig, R., & Weddle, K. D. (1988). Resiliency and Hospitalization of Children. Children’s Health Care: Journal of the Association for the Care of Children’s Health, 16, 255-260.
8.
Borucka, A. (2011). Koncepcja resilience. Podstawowe założenia i nurty badań [The concept of resilience. Main principles and research trends]. In: W. Junik (ed.), Teoria – badania – praktyka. Resilience [Resilience – theory and research] (pp. 11-28). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Edukacyjne PARPAMEDIA.
9.
Borucka, A., & Ostaszewski, K. (2008). Koncepcja resilience. Kluczowe pojęcia i wybrane zagadnienia. [The concept of resilience. Key terms and selected problems]. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego, 12, 587-597.
10.
Borucka, A., & Ostaszewski, K. (2012). Czynniki i procesy resilience wśród dzieci krzywdzonych [Factors and resilience processes among maltreted children]. Dziecko Krzywdzone, 40, 7-22.
11.
Brown, R. T., Daly, B. P., & Rickel, A. U. (2007). Chronic Illness in Children and Adolescents. Advances in Psychotherapy. Evidence-Based Practice. Cambridge, MA: Hogfree & Huber Publishers.
12.
Camfield, L. (2012). Resilience and well-being among urban Ethiopian children: what role do social resources and competencies play? Social Indicators Research, 107, 393-410.
13.
Canty-Mitchell, J., & Zimet, G. D. (2000). Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Urban African-American Adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 391-401.
14.
Cierpiałkowska, L. (2007). Dzieci alkoholików w perspektywie rozwojowego modelu podatności i odporności na zaburzenia psychiczne [Children of alcoholics in the context of the developmental model of vulnerability and resilience to mental disorders]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 13, 7-18.
15.
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the United States: research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 98-124.
16.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
17.
Drotar, D. (1998). Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
18.
Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience in children’s adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatrics, 20, 459-466.
19.
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
20.
Gomez, M., Vincent, A., & Toussaint, L. L. (2013). Correlates of resilience in adolescents and adults. International Journal of Clinical Psychiatry and Mental Health, 1, 18-24.
21.
Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Social Skills Rating System manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
22.
Grey, M., Boland, E. A., Yu, C., Sullivan-Bolyai, S., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1998). Personal and family factors associated with quality of life in adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21, 909-914.
23.
Haase, J. E. (2004). The Adolescent resilience model as a guide to intervention. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 21, 289-299.
24.
Haase, J. H. E., Heiney, S. P., Ruccione, K. S., & Stutzer, C. (1999). Research triangulation to derive meaning-based quality-of-life theory: adolescent resilience model and instrument development. International Journal of Cancer: Supplement, 12, 125-131.
25.
Heszen, I., & Sęk, H. (2007). Psychologia zdrowia [Health Psychology]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN.
26.
Jaser, S. S., & White, L. E. (2011). Coping and resilience in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Child Care Health Development, 37, 335-342.
27.
Kjeldstadli, K., Tyssen, R., Finset, A., Hem, E., Gude, T., Gronvold, N. T., Ekeberg, O., & Vaglum, P. (2006). Life satisfaction and resilience in medical school – a six-year longitudinal, nationwide and comparative study. BMC-Medical Education, 6, 48.
28.
Kovacs, M. (1980/81). Rating Scales to Assess Depression in School Aged Children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 46, 305-315.
29.
Lawford, J., & Eiser, C. (2001). Exploring links between the concepts of quality of life and resilience. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 4, 209-216.
30.
Lee, T. Y., Cheung, C. K., & Kwong, W. M. (2012). Resilience as Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review. The Scientific World Journal. DOI: 10.1100/2012/390450.
31.
Leffert, N., Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Sharma, A. R., Drake, D. R., & Blyth, D. A. (1998). Developmental assets: measurement and prediction of risk behaviors among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 2, 209-230.
32.
Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. V. (2005). Positive youth development. a view of the issues. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 10-16.
33.
Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: a study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62, 600-616.
34.
Luthar, S. S. (ed.) (2003). Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Brown, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562.
36.
Luthar, S. S., Sawyer, J. A., & Brown, P. J. (2006). Conceptual issues in studies of resilience. past, present, and future research. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 105-115.
37.
Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: a review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 6-22.
38.
Masten, A. S. (1992). Resilience in development: Implications of the study of successful adaptation for developmental psychopathology. In: A. Sameroff (ed.), Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 261-294). New York: Wiley.
39.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
40.
Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 921-930.
41.
Masten, A. S., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444.
42.
Masten, A., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2006). Resilience in development: The importance of early childhood. In: R. E. Tremblay, R. G. Barr, & R. De V. Peters (eds.), Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development (pp. 1-6) [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. Available at: http:/www.child-encyclopedia.com/documents/Masten-GewirtzANGxp.pdf.
43.
Masten, A., & Obradović, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 13-27.
44.
Masten, A., & Reed, M.-G. J. (2005). Resilience in development. In: C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 74-88). New York: Oxford University Press.
45.
Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 337-348.
46.
Nowakowska, M. (1983). Psychologiczne aspekty chorób przewlekłych, trwałego upośledzenia zdrowia oraz chorób nieuleczalnych i zagrażających życiu [Psychological aspects of chronic illnesses, permanent impairment to health as well as incurable and life-threatening conditions]. In: M. Jarosz (ed.), Psychologia lekarska [Medical Psychology] (pp. 343-362). Warszawa: PZWL.
47.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2010a). Pozytywne zmiany w następstwie doświadczonej traumy – zjawisko potraumatycznego rozwoju [Positive changes followingtrauma – the phenomenon of post-traumatic development]. In: L. Suchocka, & R. Sztembis (eds.), Człowiek i dzieło. Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana Księdzu Profesorowi Kazimierzowi Popielskiemu [Man and his works. The Jubilee book dedicated to Father Prof. Kazimierz Popielski] (pp. 193-203). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
48.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2010b). Prężność a jakość życia młodzieży [Resilience and the quality of life in youth]. Psychologia Jakości Życia, 1, 233-247.
49.
Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2013). Pozytywne skutki doświadczeń traumatycznych, czyli kiedy łzy zamieniają się w perły [When tears become pearls – positive outcomes of traumatic experiences]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Difin.
50.
Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2015). Resiliency and social support as factors promoting the process of resilience in adolescents – wards of children’s homes. Health Psychology Report, 3. DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2015.49045.
51.
Oleszkowicz, A. (1995). Kryzys młodzieńczy – istota i przebieg [The Crisis of Adolescence – its nature and course]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
52.
Oleś, M. (1995). Pomiar depresji: przegląd metod [Measuring depression: a review of methods]. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 43, 147-170.
53.
Oleś, M. (2010). Jakość życia młodzieży w zdrowiu i w chorobie [Quality of life of youth, in health and in illness]. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
54.
Olsson, C., Bond, L., Burns, J., Vella-Brodick, D., & Sawyer, S. (2003). Adolescence resilience: a concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 1-11.
55.
Ostaszewski, K. (2005). Druga strona ryzyka [The other side of risk]. Remedium, 2, 1-3.
56.
Parker, G. R., Cowen, E. L., Work, W. C., & Wyman, P. A. (1990). Test correlates of stress-resilience among urban school children. Journal of Primary Prevention, 11, 19-35.
57.
Patrick, D. L., Edwards, T. C., & Topolski, T. D. (2002). Adolescent quality of life. Part II: initial validation of a new instrument. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 287-300.
58.
Pilecka, W. (2002). Przewlekła choroba somatyczna w życiu i rozwoju dziecka. Problemy psychologiczne [Chronic somatic illness in the life and development of a child. Psychological problems]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
59.
Reeslund, K. L. (2010). Coping and social competence as processes of resilience in a family cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention for children of depressed parents. Dissertation. Tennessee: Graduate School of Vanderbilt University.
60.
Rew, L. (2005). Adolescent Health. A multidisciplinary Approach to Theory, Research, and Intervention. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
61.
Rew, L., & Horner, S. D. (2003). Youth resilience framework for reducing health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18, 379-388.
62.
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321.
63.
Rutter, M. (1980). Changing youth in a changing society: Patterns of adolescent development and disorder. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
64.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611.
65.
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.
66.
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In: S. Weintraub (ed.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67.
Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 626-631.
68.
Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: resilience – clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 474-487.
69.
Ryan-Wenger, N. M. (1990). Development and psychometric properties of the Schoolagers’ Coping Strategies Inventory. Nursing Research, 39, 344-349.
70.
Ryan-Wenger, N. M. (1992). A taxonomy of children’s Coping strategies: A step toward Theory Development. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 256-263.
71.
Schiner, R. L., & Masten, A. S. (20012). Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 507-528.
72.
Stewart, M., Reid, G., & Mangham, C. (1997). Fostering children’s resilience. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12, 21-31.
73.
Szewczyk, L. (1987). Psychiczne następstwa zaburzeń somatycznych u dzieci i młodzieży [Mental consequences of somatic disorders in children and adolescents]. In: A. Papierkowski (ed.), Choroby wieku rozwojowego [Developmental conditions] (pp. 391-396). Warszawa: PZWL.
74.
Szewczyk, L. (2007). Funkcjonowanie psychiczne dziewcząt i chłopców z zaburzeniami endokrynnymi [Psychological functioning of boys and girls with endocrine disorders]. In: A. Kulik, & L. Szewczyk (eds.), Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii klinicznej i osobowości. Tom IX. Psychospołeczne następstwa choroby somatycznej u dzieci [Selected problems of clinical and personality psychology, Vol. IX. Psychologicial consequences of somatic conditions in children] (pp. 47-54). Lublin: TN KUL.
75.
The WHOQOL Group. (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Position Paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 1403-1409.
76.
Topolski, T. D., Edwards, T. C., & Patrick, D. L. (2002). Youth Quality of Life Instruments. User’s Manual and Interpretation Guide. Washington: Seattle Quality of Life Group.
77.
Wallander, J. L., & Varni, J. W. (1998). Effects of pediatric chronic physical disorders on child and family adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 39, 29-46.
78.
Werner, E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 72-81.
79.
Werner, E. (2003). Vulnerability and resilience in adversity: A longitudinal perspective. Proceeding from the 2003 Children, Youth, Families At-Risk Conference (1-13).
80.
Whittemore, R., Jaser, S., Guo, J., & Grey M. (2010). A conceptual model of childhood adaptation to type 1 diabetes. Nursing Outlook, 58, 242-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2010.05.001.
81.
Wu, W.-W., Tsai, S.-Y., Liang, S.-Y., Liu, C.-Y., Jou, S.-T., & Berry, D. L. (2015). The mediating role of resilience on quality of life and cancer symptom distress in adolescent patients with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. DOI: 10.1177/1043454214563758, jpo.sagepub.com.
82.
Vinson, J. (2002). Children with asthma: initial development of the child resilience model. Pediatric Nursing, 28, 149-158.
83.
Yi, J. P., Vitaliano, P. P., Smith, R. E., Yi, J. C., & Weinger, K. (2008). The role of resilience on psychological adjustment and physical health in patients with diabetes. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 311-325.
84.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.