ORIGINAL PAPER
Personal and familial predictors of depressive feelings in people with orthopedic disability
1
Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States
2
Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
3
Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
Submission date: 2016-08-09
Acceptance date: 2016-10-01
Online publication date: 2017-01-25
Publication date: 2017-01-30
Health Psychology Report 2017;5(3):227-239
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
psychological aspects of illnesscouple and family relationships in healthquality of life and well being
ABSTRACT
Background
People with orthopedic disability experience limitations in physical ability, which can cause psychological problems such as depressive feelings. This paper investigates the role of family environment, caregiver characteristics, and personal resources in the acceptance of disability and depressive feelings of persons with orthopedic disability.
Participants and procedure
Data were collected from 161 Turkish people with orthopedic disability (mean age = 35.60 years, SD = 10.18) and their family caregivers (e.g., parent, spouse). The participants with disability completed scales for functional independence, acceptance of disability, family environment, locus of control, learned resourcefulness, and depression. The family caregivers completed measures of social support, their own depression, burden of caregiving, and acceptance-rejection of their care recipient.
Results
Analyses via multivariate statistics and SEM showed that depressive feelings of individuals with orthopedic disability and their acceptance of the disability were predicted by multiple factors, including the affected persons’ learned resourcefulness and locus of control, family environment, and interactions with their family caregiver, but not by their functional independence.
Conclusions
Overall, a supportive family environment and acceptance of disability appear to lower the risk of having depression for individuals with orthopedic disability. Family caregivers’ attitudes towards their care recipients were related to the family environment, and feelings of burden appeared to impair the affected individuals’ acceptance of their condition.
People with orthopedic disability experience limitations in physical ability, which can cause psychological problems such as depressive feelings. This paper investigates the role of family environment, caregiver characteristics, and personal resources in the acceptance of disability and depressive feelings of persons with orthopedic disability.
Participants and procedure
Data were collected from 161 Turkish people with orthopedic disability (mean age = 35.60 years, SD = 10.18) and their family caregivers (e.g., parent, spouse). The participants with disability completed scales for functional independence, acceptance of disability, family environment, locus of control, learned resourcefulness, and depression. The family caregivers completed measures of social support, their own depression, burden of caregiving, and acceptance-rejection of their care recipient.
Results
Analyses via multivariate statistics and SEM showed that depressive feelings of individuals with orthopedic disability and their acceptance of the disability were predicted by multiple factors, including the affected persons’ learned resourcefulness and locus of control, family environment, and interactions with their family caregiver, but not by their functional independence.
Conclusions
Overall, a supportive family environment and acceptance of disability appear to lower the risk of having depression for individuals with orthopedic disability. Family caregivers’ attitudes towards their care recipients were related to the family environment, and feelings of burden appeared to impair the affected individuals’ acceptance of their condition.
REFERENCES (78)
1.
Anjel, M. (1993). The transliteral equivalence, reliability and validity studies of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) Mother-Form: A tool for assessing child abuse. Istanbul: Bogazici University School of Social Sciences.
2.
Attawong, T., & Kovindha, A. (2005). The influencing factors of acceptance of disability in spinal cord injured patients. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience, 2, 67–70.
3.
Aydemir, O., Suculluoglu Dikici, D., Akdeniz, F., & Kalayci, F. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Burden Assessment Scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 49, 276–280. doi: 10.4274/npa.y6179.
4.
Baydogan, M., & Dag, I. (2008). Prediction of depressiveness by locus of control, learned resourcefulness and sociotropy-autonomy in hemodialysis patients. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 19–28.
5.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Achieves of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
6.
Beedie, A., & Kennedy, P. (2002). Quality of social support predicts hopelessness and depression post spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9, 227–234. doi: 10.1023/A:1016003428370.
7.
Bellin, M. H., Zabel, T. A., Dicianno, B. E., Levey, E., Garver, K., Linroth, R., & Braun, P. (2010). Correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms in young adults with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 778–789. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp094.
8.
Benassi, V. A., Sweeney, P. D., & Dufour, C. L. (1988). Is there a relation between locus of control orientation and depression? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 357–367. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.357.
9.
Budh, C. N., & Osteraker, A. L. (2007). Life satisfaction in individuals with a spinal cord injury and pain. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21, 89–96. doi: 10.1177/0269215506070313.
10.
Cavallo, S., Feldman, D. E., Swaine, B., & Meshefedjian, G. (2008). Is parental coping associated with the level of function in children with physical disabilities? Child: Care, Health and Development, 35, 33–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00884.x.
11.
Chan, R. C. K., Lee, P. W. H., & Lieh-Mak, F. (2000). Coping with spinal cord injury: personal and marital adjustment in the Hong Kong Chinese setting. Spinal Cord, 38, 687–696. doi: 10.1023/.
13.
Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Middleton, J. (2009). Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Spinal Cord, 47, 108–114. doi: 10.1038/sc.2008.115.
14.
Crichlow, R. J., Andres, P. L., Morrison, S. M., Haley, S. M., & Vrahas, M. S. (2006). Depression in orthopaedic trauma patients, prevalence and severity. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume, 88, 1927–1933. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02604.
15.
Dag, I. (2002). Locus of Control Scale: Scale development, reliability and validity study. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 17, 77–90.
16.
DeLongis, A., & Holzman, S. (2005). Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping. Journal of Personality, 73, 1–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x.
17.
DeVivo, M. J., Black, K. J., Richards, J. S., & Stover, S. L. (1991). Suicide following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 29, 620–627. doi: 10.1038/sc.1991.91.
18.
Donelan, K., Hill, C. A., Hoffman, C., Scoles, K., Hoffman, P. H., Levine, C., & Gould, D. (2002). Challenged to care: Informal caregivers in a changing spinal cord injury. Health Affairs, 21, 222–231. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.21.4.222.
19.
Dreer, L. E., Elliott, T. R., Shewchuk, R., Berry, J. W., & Rivera, P. (2007). Family caregivers of persons with spinal cord injury: predicting caregivers at risk for probable depression. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 351–357. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.52.3.351.
20.
Drummond-Young, M., LeGris, J., Browne, G., Pallister, R., & Roberts, J. (1995). Interactional styles of out-patients with poor adjustment to chronic illness receiving problem-solving counselling. Health and Social Care in the Community, 4, 317–329. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.1996.tb00078.x.
21.
Elfstrom, M., Kreuter, M., Ryden, A., Persson, L. O., & Sullivan, M. (2002). Effects of coping on psychological outcome when controlling for background variables: a study of traumatically spinal cord lesioned persons focus on coping. Spinal Cord, 40, 408–415. doi: 10.1080/16501970410034414.
22.
Elliott, T. R., & Berry, J. W. (2009). Brief problem solving training for family caregivers of persons with recent onset spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 406–422. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20527.
23.
Elliott, T. R., & Pezent, G. D. (2008). Family caregivers of older persons in rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation, 23, 1–8.
24.
Elliott, T. R. (1999). Social problem-solving abilities and adjustment to recent onset spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 315–332. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.44.4.315.
25.
Elliott, T. R., Uswatte, G., Lewis, L., & Palmatier, A. (2000). Goal instability and adjustment to physical disability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 251–265. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.251.
26.
Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x.
27.
Fekete, C., Eriks-Hooglans, I., Baumberger, M., Catz, A., Itzkovich, M., Luthi, H., Post, M. W., von Elm, E., Wyss, A., & Brinkhof, M. W. (2013). Development and validation of a self-report version of the spinal cord independence measure (SCIM III). Spinal Cord, 40, 40–47. doi: 10.1038/sc.2012.87.
28.
Green, B., Pratt, C., & Grigsby, T. (1984). Self-concept among persons with long-term spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 751–754.
29.
Groomes, D. A. G., & Linkowski, D. C. (2007). Examining the Structure of the Revised Acceptance Disability Scale. Journal of Rehabilitation, 73, 3–9.
30.
Gunes, Z., & Oner, H. (2009). Relationship between hopelessness and perceived social support from family patients who has chronic illness. Journal of Istanbul University Florence Nightingale School of Nursing, 17, 16–23.
31.
Henderson, S., Duncan-Jones, P., McAuley H., & Ritchie, K. (1978). The patient’s primary group. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 74–86.
32.
Huang, C. Y., Guo, S. E., Hung, C. M., Shih, S. L., Lee, L. C., Hung, G. C., & Huang, S. M. (2010). Learned resourcefulness, quality of life and depressive symptoms for patients with breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 37, 280–287. doi: 10.1188/10.ONF.E280-E287.
33.
Jiao, J., Heyne, M. M., & Lam, C. S. (2012). Acceptance of disability among Chinese individuals with spinal cord injuries: the effects of social support and depression. Psychology, 3, 775–781. doi: 10.4236/psyc.2012.329117.
34.
Kahan, J., Mitchell, J., Kemp, B., & Adkins, R. H. (2006). The results of a 6-month treatment for depression on symptoms, life satisfaction, and community activities among individuals aging with a disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 13–22. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.51.1.13.
35.
Keany, K. C., & Glueckauf, R. L. (1993). Disability and value change: an overview and reanalysis of acceptance of loss theory. Rehabilitation Psychology, 38, 199–210. doi: 10.1037/h0080297.
36.
Kemp, B. J, & Krause, J. S. (1999). Depression and life satisfaction among people ageing with post-polio and spinal cord injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21, 241–249. doi: 10.1080/096382899297666.
37.
Kendall, E., & Buys, N. (1998). An integrated model of psychosocial adjustment following acquired disability. Journal of Rehabilitation, 64, 16–20.
38.
Kennedy, P., Duff, J., Evans, M., & Beedie, A. (2003). Coping effectiveness training reduces depression and anxiety following traumatic spinal cord injuries. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 41–52. doi: 10.1348/014466503762842002.
39.
Kesiktas, N., Paker, N., Bugdayci, D., Sencan, S., Karan A., & Muslumanoglu, L. (2011). Turkish adaptation of Spinal Cord Independence Measure – Version III. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 35, 88–91. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32834f402d.
40.
Kim, E. (2011). Korean American parental depressive symptoms and parental acceptance-rejection and control. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32, 114–120. doi:10.3109/01612840.2010.529239.
41.
Kishi, Y., & Robinson, R. G. (1996). Suicidal plans following spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 8, 443–445.
42.
Krause, J. S., Sternberg, M., Lottes, S., & Maides, J. (1997). Mortality after spinal cord injury: an 11-year prospective study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, 815–821. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90193-3.
43.
Li, L., & Moore, D. (1998). Acceptance of disability and its correlates. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 13–25. doi: 10.1080/00224549809600349.
44.
McCartney, K. K., Burchinal, M. R., & Bub, K. L. (2006). Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists. Monographs of The Society For Research In Child Development, 71, 1–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.07103001.x.
45.
Melamed, S., Groswasser, Z., & Stem, M. J. (1992). Acceptance of disability, work involvement and subjective rehabilitation status of traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients. Brain Injury, 6, 233–243. doi: 10.3109/02699059209029665.
46.
Moroni, L., Colangelo, M., Gallì, M., & Bertolotti, G. (2007). “I would like to give him my life”: Results of a psychological support intervention to caregivers of patients undergoing neuromotor rehabilitation. Italian Journal of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, 29, 5–17.
47.
Müller, R., Peter, C., Cieza, A., & Geyh, S. (2012). The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury – A systematic review of the literature. Spinal Cord, 50, 94–106. doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.116.
48.
Oh, H., & Lee, E. O. (2009). Caregiver burden and social support among mothers raising children with developmental disabilities in South Korea. International Journal of Disability, 56, 149–167. doi: 10.1080/10349120902868624.
49.
Ozgul, A., Yazicioglu, K., Peker, F., Taskaynatan, M. A., & Kalyon, T. A. (2003). The study of the familial functions of married paraplegic patients. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 49, 3–7.
50.
Pelletier, P. M., Alfano, D. P., & Fink, M. P. (1994). Social support, locus of control and psychological health in family members following head or spinal cord injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 1, 38–44. doi: 10.1080/09084282.1994.9645329.
51.
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. (2007). The educator’s manual of disabilities and disorders. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.
52.
Post, M. W., & van Leeuwen, C. M. (2012). Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord, 50, 382–389. doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.182.
53.
Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 1–24. doi: 10.1007/BF00898416.
54.
Reinhard, S. C., Gubman, G. D., Horwitz, A. V., & Minsky, S. (1994). Burden Assessment Scale for families of the seriously mentally ill. Evaluation and Program Planning, 17, 261–269. doi: 10.1016/0149-7189(94)90004-3.
55.
Rintala, D. H., Robinson-Whelen, S., & Matamoros, R. (2005). Subjective stress in male veterans with spinal cord injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 42, 291–304. doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2005.10.0155.
56.
Robinson-Whelen, S., & Rintala, D. H. (2003). Informal care providers for veterans with SCI: who are they and how are they doing? Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 40, 511–516.
57.
Rodgers, M. L., Strode, A. D., Norell, D. M., Short, R. A., Dyck, D. G., & Becker, B. (2007). Adapting multiple-family group treatment for brain and spinal cord injury intervention development preliminary outcomes. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86, 482–492. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31805c00a1.
58.
Rohner, R. P., & Rohner, E. C. (1980). Worldwide tests of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Behavioral Science Research, 15, 1–21.
59.
Rosenbaum, M. (1990). The role of learned resourcefulness in the self-control of health behavior. In M. Rosenbaum (ed.), Learned resourcefulness On coping skills, self-control, and adaptive behavior (pp. 3–29). New York, NY: Springer.
60.
Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-controlling behaviors: Preliminary findings. Behavior Therapy, 11, 109–121.
61.
Rosenbaum, M., & Palmon, N. (1984). Helplessness and resourcefulness in coping with epilepsy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 244–253. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80040-2.
62.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609). doi: 10.1037/h0092976.
63.
Russell, D., Turner, R. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2009). Physical disability and suicidal ideation: a community-based study of risk/protective factors for suicidal thoughts. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 39, 440–451. doi: 10.1521/suli.2009.39.4.440.
64.
Sav, A., Kendall, E., McMillan, S., Kelly, F., Whitty, J. A., King, M. A., & Wheeler, A. J. (2013). ‘You say treatment, I say hard work’: treatment burden among people with chronic illness and their carers in Australia. Health and Social Care in the Community, 21, 665–674. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12052.
65.
Singh, R., Ripley, D., Pentland, B., Todd, I., Hunter, J., Hutton, L., & Philip, A. (2009). Depression and anxiety symptoms after lower limb amputation: the rise and fall. Clinical Rehabilitation, 23, 281–286. doi: 10.1177/0269215508094710.
66.
Snead, S. L., & Davis, J. R. (2002). Attitudes of individuals with acquired brain injury towards disability. Brain Injury, 16, 947–953. doi: 10.1080/02699050210147211.
67.
Turkish Statistical Institute (2010). Survey on Problems and Expectations of Disabled People. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr.
68.
Unalan, H., Gencosmanoglu, B., Akgun, K., Karamehmetoglu, S., Tuna, H., Ones, K., Rahimpenah, A., Uzun, E., & Tüzün, F. (2001). Quality of life of primary caregivers of spinal cord injury survivors living in the community: Controlled study with short form-36 questionnaire. Spinal Cord, 39, 318–322. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101163.
69.
Waldron, B., Benson, C., O’Connell, A., Byrne, P., Dooley, B., & Burke, T. (2010). Health locus of control and attributions of cause and blame in adjustment to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 48, 598–602. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.182.
70.
Weitzenkamp, D., Gerhart, K. A., Charlifue, S. W., & Whiteneck, G. G. (1997). Spouses of spinal cord injured survivors: the added impact of caregiving. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78, 822–827. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90194-5.
71.
Williams, A. M., Wang, L., & Kitchen, P. (2016). Impacts of care-giving and sources of support: a comparison of end-of-life and non-end-of-life caregivers in Canada. Health & Social Care in the Community, 24, 214–224. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12205.
72.
Woodrich, F., & Petterson, J. B. (1983). Variables related to acceptance of disability in persons with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Rehabilitation, 49, 26–30.
73.
Van Leeuwen, C. M., Kraaijeveld, S., Lindeman, E., & Post, M. W. (2012). Associations between psychological factors and quality of life ratings in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord, 50, 174–187. doi: 10.1038/sc.2011.120.
74.
Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. (2003). Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 946–972. doi: 10.1037/00332909.129.6.946.
75.
Yagmurlu, M. F., Yagmurlu, B., & Yilmaz, M. (2009). Orthopedic disability and socioemotional functioning. Pediatrics International, 51, 637–644. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02821.x.
76.
Yagmurlu, B., Yavuz, H. M., & Sen, H. (2015). Well-being of mothers of children with orthopedic disabilities in a disadvantaged context: findings from Turkey. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 948–956. doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9905-8.
77.
Ylven, R., Bjorck-Akesson, E., & Granlund, M. (2006). Literature review of positive functioning in families with children with a disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 3, 253–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00089.x.
78.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2.
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2353-5571 |
| ISSN: | 2353-4184 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
