Physical activity for health and wellbeing: the role of motives for participation
1
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
2
DR Academy, Melbourne, Australia
Submission date: 2020-07-15
Final revision date: 2020-09-24
Acceptance date: 2020-09-24
Online publication date: 2020-10-26
Publication date: 2020-10-20
Health Psychology Report 2020;8(4):391-407
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
health attitudes and behaviorincluding prevention and promotionlifespan approaches to health, including those related to older adultsquality of life and well being
ABSTRACT
Health professionals have increasing concern about physical health and wellbeing, as life globally becomes more demanding and stressful, yet people are less active, due to mechanization and automation of work and leisure. Increasing the amount of physical activity (PA) people do is now recognized as a global health priority, but PA continues to decline in many countries. Research on motives for participating in PA shows they have a role in PA promotion. We review theory and research on motives for participation in PA. Then, we describe development and validation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS), a 40-item measure that includes eight motives. We report on the international validation of PALMS, showing its robustness to varia-tions in language and culture. We describe the development of a youth version, PALMS-Y, and a broader ver-sion that adds motives related to extreme sports. Next, we discuss PALMS research that has examined differ-ences in primary motives based on gender, age, and type of PA, as well as factorial structure invariance. We then consider studies investigating the influence of psychological variables on the relationship between mo-tives for participation in PA and the amount of PA individuals undertake, including self-efficacy, mindfulness, and passion. To aid in the consistent presentation of PA participation motives, we describe a form of motiva-tional profiling for use in research and practice. Finally, we propose ways that motives for participation in PA can be used in interventions to increase PA participation, by matching individuals’ primary motives to the type of PA associated with those motives in large PA samples, or using techniques, such as imagery, to enhance key motives. This should achieve the aim of enhancing health and psychological wellbeing around the world.
REFERENCES (104)
1.
Abdullah, N., Kueh, Y., Hanafi, M., Morris, T., & Kuan, G. (2019). Motives for participation and amount of physical activity among Kelantan Chinese adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 26, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2....
2.
Anderson, E., & Durstine, J. (2019). Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: a brief review. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 1, 3–10. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.....
3.
Axelsson, M., Lötvall, J., Cliffordson, C., Lundgren, J., & Brink, E. (2013). Self-efficacy and adher-ence as mediating factors between personality traits and health-related quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 22, 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136....
4.
Aypar, E., Ruiz, M., & Morris, T. (2017, July). Adaptation and validation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) to assess motives for participation in leisure time physical activity and sport in Finnish high-school students. Paper presented at International Society of Sport Psy-chology 14th World Congress, Sevilla, Spain.
5.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Re-view, 84, 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2....
6.
Benita, M., Roth, G., & Deci, E. (2014). When are mastery goals more adaptive? It depends on expe-riences of autonomy support and autonomy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106, 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00340....
7.
Brodkin, P., & Weiss, M. (1990). Developmental differences in motivation in competitive swimming. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 248–263. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.1....
8.
Buonamano, R., Cei, A., & Mussino, A. (1995). Participation motivation in Italian youth sport. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.....
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Physical activity prevents chronic disease. Re-trieved from https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdis...#:~:.
10.
text=Regular%20physical%20activity%20helps%20improve,depression%20and%20anxiety%2C%20and%20dementia [accessed June 19, 2020].
11.
Chatzisarantis, N., & Hagger, M. (2007). Mindfulness and the intention-behavior relationship within the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616....
12.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl-baum Associates.
13.
Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press.
14.
de Souza, L., Torres, A., Barbosa, G., de Lima, T., & de Souza, L. (2014). Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between subjective well-being and general health of military cadets. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30, 2309–2319. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-3....
15.
Dinas, P., Koutedakis, Y., & Flouris, A. (2010). Effects of exercise and physical activity on depres-sion. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 180, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845....
16.
Duda, J. (1988). Goal perspectives, participation, and persistence in sport. Journal of Sport Psycholo-gy, 19, 117–130.
17.
Dutton, G. (2008). The role of mindfulness in health behavior change. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Jour-nal, 12, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b....
18.
Fortier, M., Vallerand, R., Brière, N., & Provencher, P. (1995). Competitive and recreational sport structures and gender: a test of their relationship with sport motivation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 24–39.
19.
Frainer, J. (2017). Reasons for joining the practice of physical and sports activities in Brazil. Master’s dissertation, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
20.
Frederick, C., & Ryan, R. (1993). Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 16, 124–146.
21.
Friedenreich, C., Neilson, H., & Lynch, B. (2010). State of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer prevention. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 2593–2604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca....
22.
Gilbert, D., & Waltz, J. (2010). Mindfulness and health behaviors. Mindfulness, 1, 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671....
23.
Gill, D., Gross, J., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14, 1–14.
24.
Godin, G. (2011). The Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Health and Fit-ness Journal of Canada, 4, 18–22. https://doi.org/10.14288/hfjc.....
25.
Gould, D., Feltz, D., & Weiss, M. (1985). Motives for participating in competitive youth swimming. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 126–140.
26.
Guthold, R., Stevens, G., Riley, L., & Bull, F. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 6, e1077–e1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-....
27.
Habib, M., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (submitted). Motives and passion of adults from Pakistan toward physical activity. PLOS One.
28.
Hajkowicz, S., Cook, H., Wilhelmseder, L., & Boughen, N. (2013). The future of Australian sport: Mega-trends shaping the sports sector over coming decades. Belconnen, ACT: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
29.
Hall, C., Mack, D., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 73–89.
30.
Hammond, T., Gregg, M., Hrycaiko, D., Mactavish, J., & Leslie-Toogood, A. (2012). The effects of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the imagery ability and sport confidence of inter-collegiate golfers. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 7, 3. https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0....
31.
Hardy, J., Hall, C., & Hardy, L. (2010). A note on athletes’ use of self-talk. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/104132....
32.
Hu, L., Kueh, Y. C., & Morris, T. (2018, July). Self-efficacy mediates the influence of motives for partic-ipation on physical activity participation among adolescents. Paper presented at 8th Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology International Congress, Daegu, South Korea.
33.
Hu, L., Morris, T., & Lyu, J. (2019). Revision and validation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Moti-vation Scale among youth in China. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 50, 38–63. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2....
34.
Kenyon, G. (1968). Six scales for assessing attitudes towards physical activity. Research Quarterly, 39, 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/106711....
35.
Kirkby, R., Kolt, G., & Liu, J. (1999). Participation motives of young Australian and Chinese gym-nasts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 363–373. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.19....
36.
Klint, K., & Weiss, M. (1987). Dropping in and dropping out: Participation motives of current and for-mer youth gymnasts. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 11, 106–114.
37.
Koehn, S., Morris, T., & Watt, A. (2013). Flow state in self-paced and externally-paced performance contexts: an examination of the flow model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 787–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyc....
38.
Koehn, S., Morris, T., & Watt, A. (2014). Imagery intervention to increase flow state and performance in competition. The Sport Psychologist, 28, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20....
39.
Kolt, G., Kirby, R., Bar-Eli, M., Blumenstein, B., Chadha, N., Liu, J., & Kerr, G. (1999). A cross-cultural investigation of reasons for participation in gymnastics. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 30, 381–398.
40.
Kosteli, M., Williams, S., & Cumming, J. (2018). Exploring imagery as a technique for promoting physical activity in older adults. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 38, 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/027623....
41.
Kueh, Y., Abdullah, N., Kuan, G., Morris, T., & Naing, N. (2018). Testing measurement and factor structure invariance of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale for Youth across gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.....
42.
Kueh, Y., Kuan, G., & Morris, T. (2017). The Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale: a confirmatory study of the Malay language version. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 250–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/161219....
43.
Kuan, G., Bhasavanija, T., Abdullah, N., Morris, T., & Kueh, Y. C. (2018, July). The Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale in Thai language: a confirmatory factor analysis. Paper presented at 8th Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology International Congress, Daegu, Korea.
44.
Lewis, B., Napolitano, M., Buman, M., Williams, D., & Nigg, C. (2016). Future directions in physical activity intervention research: Expanding our focus to sedentary behaviors, technology, and dis-semination. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865....
45.
Li, F. (1999). The Exercise Motivation Scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/104132....
46.
Lillis, J., Hayes, S., Bunting, K., & Masuda, A. (2009). Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to im-prove the lives of the obese: a preliminary test of a theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medi-cine, 37, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160....
47.
Longhurst, K., & Spink, K. (1987). Participation motivation of Australian children involved in organized sport. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 12, 24–30.
48.
Machida, M., Yamada, H., Araki, K., & Tsuchiya, H. (2013). A preliminary examination of the relation-ship between physical activity motivation and self-efficacy among physical activity participants in Ja-pan. Paper presented at International Society of Sport Psychology 13th World Congress, Beijing, China.
49.
Mansouriyeh, N., Poursharifi, H., Sadeghi, M., & Seirafi, M. (2017). Self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between social support and self-care in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 6, 157–162.
50.
Markland, D., & Hardy, L. (1993). The exercise motivations inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals’ reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. Personal-ity and Individual Differences, 15, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8....
51.
Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and in-variance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivation Inventory. British Journal of Health Psy-chology, 2, 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044....
52.
McAuley, E. (1992). The role of efficacy cognitions in the prediction of exercise behavior in middle-aged adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 65–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0084....
53.
McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise participation in older adults. Jour-nal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0084....
54.
Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2014). Validating the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). BMC Public Health, 14, 909. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2....
55.
Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015a). Motives for adult participation in physical activity: Type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health, 15, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889....
56.
Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015b). The relationship between motivation for physical ac-tivity and level of physical activity over time. International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical, Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 9, 609–612.
57.
Morris, T. (2019, July). Motives for participation in sport and physical activity: Introduction. In T. Morris (Chair), Motives for participation in sport and physical activity: New approaches (Symposi-um). 15th European Congress of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Munster, Germany.
58.
Morris, T., Clayton, H., Power, H., & Han, J. (1995). Activity type differences in participation motives. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47, 101–102.
59.
Morris, T., Clayton, H., Power, H., & Han, J. (1996a, August). Participation motivation for different types of physical activity. Poster presented at International Pre-Olympic Congress, Texas, USA.
60.
Morris, T., Clayton, H., Power, H., & Song, H. (1996b). Motives for participation in selected physical activities in Australia. Technical report to the Australian Sports Commission. Canberra: ASC.
61.
Morris, T., & Han, J. (1991). Motives for taking up tai-chi. Paper presented at 1st Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology International Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
62.
Morris, T., Power, H., & Pappalardo, B. (1993, June). Motivation for participation in table tennis. Paper presented at 8th World Congress in Sport Psychology, Lisbon, Portugal.
63.
Morris, T., & Rogers, H. (2004). Measuring motives for physical activity. Sport and Chance of Life: Proceedings of 2004 International Sport Science Congress (pp. 242–250). Seoul: KAHPERD.
64.
Morris, T., & Roychowdhury, D. (2015, July). Motives for participation in physical activity: Measure-ment, prediction, and profiling. Paper presented at 14th European Federation of Sport Psychology Congress, Bern, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://boris.unibe.ch/71978/1....
65.
Morris, T., Roychowdhury, D., & Khoo, S. (2019, July). Applying motivational profiling in sport and physical activity. In T. Morris (Chair), Motives for participation in sport and physical activity: New ap-proaches (Symposium). 15th European Congress of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Munster, Germany.
66.
Mothes, H., Klaperski, S., Seelig, H., Schmidt, S., & Fuchs, R. (2014). Regular aerobic exercise in-creases dispositional mindfulness in men: a randomized controlled trial. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 7, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa....
67.
Murphy, M., Mermelstein, L., Edwards, K., & Gidycz, C. (2012). The benefits of dispositional mindful-ness in physical health: a longitudinal study of female college students. Journal of American Col-lege Health, 60, 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/074484....
68.
Puente-Díaz, R. (2012). The effect of achievement goals on enjoyment, effort, satisfaction and per-formance. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075....
69.
Roberts, K., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2010). Mindfulness and health behaviors: Is paying attention good for you? Journal of American College Health, 59, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/074484....
70.
Rogers, H., & Morris, T. (2003). An overview of the development and validation of the Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM). In R. Stelter (Ed.), New approaches to exercise and sport psychology: Theories, methods and applications. Proceedings of the 11th European Congress of Sport Psychology. CD-ROM (3 page full paper). Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
71.
Rogers, H., Morris, T., & Moore, M. (2008). A qualitative study of the achievement goals of recrea-tional exercise participants. The Qualitative Report, 13, 706–734.
72.
Roychowdhury, D. (2012). Examining reasons for participation in sport and exercise using the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Mel-bourne, Australia.
73.
Roychowdhury, D. (2018a). A comprehensive measure of participation motivation: Examining and validating the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 13, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.....
74.
Roychowdhury, D. (2018b). Functional significance of participation motivation on physical activity involvement. Psychological Thought, 11, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.....
75.
Roychowdhury, D. (2019, July). Motivational approaches in promoting physical activity involvement. In Y. Kim (Chair), Holistic approaches to sport and physical activity participation in the Asian context (Symposium). 15th European Congress of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Munster, Germany.
76.
Roychowdhury, D. (2020). Using physical activity to enhance health outcomes across the life span. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 5, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk50....
77.
Roychowdhury, D., & Morris, T. (2013, July). Examining participation motivation in sport and exercise using discriminant function analyses. Paper presented at 13th International Society of Sport Psy-chology World Congress, Beijing, China.
78.
Roychowdhury, D., & Morris, T. (2019, July). The role of mindfulness in enhancing participation moti-vation in sport and exercise. In T. Morris (Chair), Motives for participation in sport and physical activ-ity: New approaches (Symposium). 15th European Congress of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Munster, Germany.
79.
Roychowdhury, D., Morris, T., & Spittle, M. (2018, July). Mindfulness and participation motivation in sport and exercise. Paper presented at 8th Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology International Congress, Daegu, South Korea.
80.
Ryan, R., Frederick, C., Lepes, D., Rubio, N., & Sheldon, K. (1997). Intrinsic motivation and exercise adherence. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, 335–354.
81.
Silva, D., Naghavi, M., Duncan, B., Schmidt, M., de Souza, M., & Malta, D. (2019). Physical inactivity as risk factor for mortality by diabetes mellitus in Brazil in 1990, 2006, and 2016. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 11, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098....
82.
Stanley, D., & Cumming, J. (2010). Are we having fun yet? Testing the effects of imagery use on the affective and enjoyment responses to acute moderate exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyc....
83.
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum, S., Mugisha, J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: a perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.....
84.
Sutherland, G., & Morris, T. (1997). Gender and participation motivation in 13-to 15-year-old adoles-cents. In R. Lidor & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Proceedings of the IX World Congress of Sport Psychology (pp. 676–678). Netanya: ISSP.
85.
Tapper, K., Shaw, C., Ilsley, J., Hill, A., Bond, F., & Moore, L. (2009). Exploratory randomised con-trolled trial of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women. Appetite, 52, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appe....
86.
Teixeira, P., Carraça, E., Markland, D., Silva, M., & Ryan, R. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, article 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5....
87.
Thomas, E., Muralidharan, A., Medoff, D., & Drapalski, A. (2016). Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between social support and recovery in serious mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilita-tion Journal, 39, 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj000....
88.
Ulmer, C., Stetson, B., & Salmon, P. (2010). Mindfulness and acceptance are associated with exer-cise maintenance in YMCA exercisers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 805–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat....
89.
Vallerand, R. (2008). On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology, 49, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5....
90.
Vallerand, R. (2010). On passion for life activities: The dualistic model of passion. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 97–193). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
91.
Vallerand, R. (2012). From motivation to passion: In search of the motivational processes involved in a meaningful life. Canadian Psychology, 53, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00263....
92.
Vallerand, R. (2015). The psychology of passion: a dualistic model. New York: Oxford University Press.
93.
Vallerand, R., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Gagné, M., & Marsolais, J. (2003). Les passions de l’âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756–767. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3....
94.
Wang, J., Morris, T., Khoo, S., Hu, W., & Tang, Y. (2013). Psychometric validation of the Physical Ac-tivity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) in a Chinese sample. Paper presented at International Society of Sport Psychology 13th World Congress, Beijing, China.
95.
Wardoku, R., Blair, C., Demmer, R., & Prizment, A. (2019). Association between physical inactivity and health-related quality of life in adults with coronary heart disease. Maturitas, 128, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matu....
96.
Weinberg, R., Tenenbaum, G., McKenzie, A., Jackson, S., Anshel, M., Grove, R., & Fogarty, G. (2000). Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: Relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 321–346.
97.
World Health Organization (2020a). Global health risks. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthinfo... [ac-cessed June 19, 2020].
98.
World Health Organization (2020b). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysic... [accessed June 19, 2020].
99.
World Health Organization (2020c). More active people for a healthier world. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bits....
101.
Yoo, S., Han, M., Noh, Y., Kueh, Y., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2018). Self-efficacy as an antecedent or mediator of motives for participation and amount of physical activity. Paper presented at 8th Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology International Congress, Daegu, South Korea.
102.
Zach, S., Bar-Eli, M., Morris, T., & Rogers, H. (2012). Measuring motivation for physical activity: Vali-dation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale. Athletic Insight, 4, 141–154.
103.
Zarei, S., Memari, A, Moshayedi, P., Mosayebi, F., Mansournia, M., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2016). Psychometric properties of Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale in Farsi: an international collaborative project on motivation for physical activity and leisure. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 19, 704–711.
104.
Zhou, L., Chlebosz, K., Tower, J., & Morris, T. (2019). An exploratory study of motives for participa-tion in extreme sports and physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 51, 56–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/002222....
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2353-5571 |
| ISSN: | 2353-4184 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
