Introduction: Patients with a type D personality have worse social functioning and mental health and more affective constraints than non-type D personalities. They have a negative outlook on life and health-related issues. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of stress and anxiety in the relationship between type D personality and COVID-19 by adjustment of the effect of demographic characteristics and perceived symptoms as confounder variables.
Material and methods: A total of 196 patients out of those suspected of having COVID-19 and visiting the reference hospitals were selected. They had completed the type D personality and the anxiety and stress scales along with their hospital admission form before undergoing COVID-19 testing. After their COVID-19 test, the participants were divided into two groups based on their disease, an infected group (n = 90) and a non-infected group (n = 106).
Results: Type D personality has no significant direct effect on infection with the disease, but taking into account the mediating variable of stress, the odds of an event in those with type D personality is 2.21 times higher than those without this personality (p = .027) and, taking into account the mediating variable of anxiety, having a type D personality increases the odds of an event by 2.62 times (p = .011), holding demographic characteristics and perceived symptoms constant.
Conclusions: Given the indirect relationship between COVID-19 and type D personality, the mediating variables of stress and anxiety can be considered full mediating variables.
REFERENCES(44)
1.
Aguayo-Carreras, P., Ruiz-Carrascosa, J. C., & Molina-Leyva, A. (2020). Type D personality is associated with poor quality of life, social performance, and psychological impairment in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: a cross-sectional study of 130 patients. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 86, 375–381. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.....
Allahverdipour, H., Karimzadeh, Z., Alizadeh, N., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., & Javadivala, Z. (2021). Psychological well-being and happiness among middle-aged women: a cross-sectional study. Health Care for Women International, 42, 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/073993....
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3....
Bagherian Sararoudi, R., Afshar, H., Adibi, P., Daghaghzadeh, H., Fallah, J., & Abotalebian, F. (2011). Type D personality and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 16, 985–992.
Beaujean, A. A., & Parker, S. (2020). Path analysis in personality research. In B. J. Carducci, C. S. Nave, J. S. Mio, & R. E. Riggio (Eds.), The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Measurement and assessment (pp. 125–130). Wiley.
Borkoles, E., Kaiseler, M., Evans, A., Ski, C. F., Thompson, D. R., & Polman, R. C. (2018). Type D personality, stress, coping and performance on a novel sport task. PloS One, 13, e0196692. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
Chen, S., Yang, J., Yang, W., Wang, C., & Bärnighausen, T. (2020). COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. The Lancet, 395, 764–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-....
Denollet, J. (1998). Personality and coronary heart disease: the type-D scale-16 (DS-16). Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0288....
Denollet, J. (2000). Type D personality: a potential risk factor refined. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49, 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-....
Denollet, J. (2005). DS-14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy....
Denollet, J., & Pedersen, S. (2009). Anger, depression, and anxiety in cardiac patients: the complexity of individual differences in psychological risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53, 947–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc....
Denollet, J., Sys, S. U., & Brutsaert, D. L. (1995). Personality and mortality after myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 582–591. https://doi.org/10.1097/000068....
Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., & Machnik-Czerwik, A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 as a buffer in the relationship between perceived stress and life satisfaction in the Polish population at the beginning of the global pandemic. Health Psychology Report, 9, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.20....
Esmailpour, K., Babapour, J., & Ebrahimiesarindizaj, Z. (2013). The relationship between HEXACO personality dimensions and type D personality. Journal of Research and Health, 3, 405–411.
Gilani, N., Haghshenas, R., & Esmaeili, M. (2019). Application of multivariate longitudinal models in SIRT6, FBS, and BMI analysis of the elderly. The Aging Male, 22, 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/136855....
Gilmour, J., & Williams, L. (2012). Type D personality is associated with maladaptive health-related behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910....
Haghshenas, R., Marandi, S. M., Molavi, H., & Khayyambashi, K. (2008). Predicting injuries of athletes by considering psychological factors. World Journal of Sport Science, 1, 38–41.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage Publications.
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466....
Jastrowski Mano, K. E., O’Bryan, E. M., Gibler, R. C., & Beckmann, E. (2019). The co-occurrence of pediatric chronic pain and anxiety: a theoretical review of a developmentally informed shared vulnerability model. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35, 989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.00....
Javadivala, Z., Allahverdipour, H., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., & Emami, A. (2020). An interventional strategy of physical activity promotion for reduction of menopause symptoms. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10, 383–392. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2....
Kim, Y. H., Kim, S. R., Kim, Y. O., Kim, J. Y., Kim, H. K., & Kim, H. Y. (2017). Influence of type D personality on job stress and job satisfaction in clinical nurses: The mediating effects of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73, 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13....
Kupper, N., & Denollet, J. (2007). Type D personality as a prognostic factor in heart disease: Assessment and mediating mechanisms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/002238....
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7....
Masafi, S., Saadat, S. H., Tehranchi, K., Olya, R., Heidari, M., Malihialzackerini, S., Jafari, M., & Rajabi, E. (2018). Effect of stress, depression and type D personality on immune system in the incidence of coronary artery disease. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6, 1533–1544. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms....
Modersitzki, N., Phan, L. V., Kuper, N., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2021). Who is impacted? Personality predicts individual differences in psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12, 1110–1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/194855....
Mols, F., & Denollet, J. (2010). Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7....
Mols, F., Thong, M. S., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., Roukema, J. A., & Denollet, J. (2012). Type D (distressed) personality is associated with poor quality of life and mental health among 3080 cancer survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.....
Ramezani, M., Simani, L., Karimialavijeh, E., Rezaei, O., Hajiesmaeili, M., & Pakdaman, H. (2020). The role of anxiety and cortisol in outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 179–184. https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.1....
Ranieri, J., Guerra, F., & Di Giacomo, D. (2021). Predictive risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms among nurses during the Italian acute COVID-19 outbreak. Health Psychology Report, 9, 180–185. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.20....
Ray, A., Gulati, K., & Rai, N. (2017). Stress, anxiety, and immunomodulation: a pharmacological analysis. Vitamins and Hormones, 103, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.....
Raykh, O. I., Sumin, A. N., & Korok, E. V. (2021). The influence of personality type D on cardiovascular prognosis in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: Data from a 5-year-follow-up study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529....
Reed, R. G., & Raison, C. L. (2016). Stress and the immune system. In C. Esser (Ed.), Environmental influences on the immune system (pp. 97–126). Springer.
Samani, S., & Joukar, B. (2007). A study on the reliability and validity of the short form of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities of Shiraz University, 26, 65–77.
Schou-Bredal, I., Grimholt, T., Bonsaksen, T., Skogstad, L., Heir, T., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2021). Optimists’ and pessimists’ self-reported mental and global health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Health Psychology Report, 9, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.20....
Skalski, S., Uram, P., Dobrakowski, P., & Kwiatkowska, A. (2020). Thinking too much about the novel coronavirus. The link between persistent thinking about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 anxiety and trauma effects. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 8, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2....
Speth, M. M., Singer‐Cornelius, T., Oberle, M., Gengler, I., Brockmeier, S. J., & Sedaghat, A. R. (2020). Mood, anxiety and olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19: Evidence of central nervous system involvement? The Laryngoscope, 130, 2520–2525. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.2....
Tuman, T. C. (2021). The effect of type D personality on anxiety, depression and fear of COVID-19 disease in healthcare workers. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/193382....
Volk, A. A., Brazil, K. J., Franklin-Luther, P., Dane, A. V., & Vaillancourt, T. (2020). The influence of demographics and personality on COVID-19 coping in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid....
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, e923921. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.9....
You, J., Wang, C., Rodriguez, L., Wang, X., & Lu, Q. (2018). Personality, coping strategies and emotional adjustment among Chinese cancer patients of different ages. European Journal of Cancer Care, 27, e12781. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12....
Zoghipaidar, M. R., Azish, M., Mazdeh, M., Rezaei, A. A., & Torabi, A. (2020). Prediction of chronic muscular pain based on personality type, hardiness and perceived social support. Sadra Medical Journal, 8, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.30476/smsj.....
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.