Background: Research into dieting and mindfulness has primarily focused upon how mindfulness and mindful eating affect dieting. However, the effect is bi-directional, with the process of dieting also impacting on mind-set and eating. We therefore aimed to investigate how people on different diets experience mindfulness and mindful eating. The present research aimed to explore whether or not specific weight loss diets are likely to prompt more of the elements described in mindfulness and mindful eating theory.
Participants and procedure: A community sample (N = 312) who were dieting at the time of recruitment were asked to fill in mindfulness and mindful eating measures, where commercial weight loss programmes (CWLP), low carbohydrate (LC), and intermittent fasting (IF) were used as dieting methods, as well as general healthy eating (GHE). Analyses of variance were conducted with the intention of comparing those groups in mindfulness and mindful eating, as well as their corresponding sub-constructs. The questionnaires and demographic information were provided through an online database, as well as other information relating to the diet, duration and history of dieting.
Results: The results showed intermittent fasting dieters to score higher across mindfulness and mindful eating scores, although the differences from the rest of the groups were not significant. Investigating mindful eating further through the subscales revealed that CWLP scores were significantly higher in ‘routine’ when compared to GHE. Trait mindfulness subscales displayed no significant differences, except ‘describe’, which was higher in CWLP over LC dieting.
Conclusions: Specific emphasis is given to future directions, and the potential to identify diets that are theoretically and prac-tically consistent with the theory and practices of mindfulness and mindful eating.
REFERENCES(55)
1.
Ahern, A. L., Olson, A. D., Aston, L. M., & Jebb, S. A. (2011). Weight Watchers on prescription: an observational study of weight change among adults referred to Weight Watchers by the NHS. BMC Public Health, 11, 434. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2....
Alberts, H., Mulkens, S., Smeets, M., & Thewissen, R. (2010). Coping with food cravings. Investigating the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention. Appetite, 55, 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appe....
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319....
Bravata, D. M., Sanders, L., Huang, J., Krumholz, H. M., Olkin, I., Gardner, C. D., & Bravata, D. M. (2003). Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. Jama, 289, 1837–1850. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2....
Brownell, K., & Rodin, J. (1994). The dieting maelstrom: Is it possible and advisable to lose weight? American Psychologist, 49, 781–791. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-....
Bruinsma, K. A., & Taren, D. L. (2000). Dieting, essential fatty acid intake, and depression. Nutrition Reviews, 58, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753....
Dalen, J., Smith, B. W., Shelley, B. M., Sloan, A. L., Leahigh, L., & Begay, D. (2010). Pilot study: mindful eating and living (MEAL): weight, eating behaviour, and psychological outcomes associated with a mindfulness-based intervention for people with obesity. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 18, 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim....
Dixon, K. J., Shcherba, S., & Kipping, R. R. (2012). Weight loss from three commercial providers of NHS primary care slimming on referral in North Somerset: service evaluation. Journal of Public Health, 34, 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed....
Dutt, S., Keyte, R., Egan, H., Hussain, M., & Mantzios, M. (2018). Healthy and unhealthy eating amongst stressed students: considering the influence of mindfulness on eating choices and consumption. Health Psychology Report, 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.20....
Egan, H., & Mantzios, M. (2018). A qualitative exploration of self-kindness and “treating oneself” in contexts of eating, weight regulation and other health behaviors: implications for mindfulness-based eating programs. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.....
Foxcroft, L. (2012). Our preoccupation with dieting has become a national neurosis. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/01/preoccupation-diet-industry-national-neurosis.
Germov, J., & Williams, L. (1996). The epidemic of dieting women: the need for a sociological approach to food and nutrition. Appetite, 27, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1....
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.....
Harvie, M. N., Pegington, M., Mattson, M. P., Frystyk, J., Dillon, B., Evans, G., Cuzick, J., Jebb, S. A., Martin, B., Cutler, R. G., Maudsley, S., Carlson, O. D., Egan, J. M., Flyvbjerg, A., & Howell, A. (2011). The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 35, 714–727. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.20....
Hendrickson, K. L., & Rasmussen, E. B. (2017). Mindful eating reduces impulsive food choice in adolescents and adults. Health Psychology, 36, 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea000....
Heshka, S., Anderson, J. W., Atkinson, R. L., Greenway, F. L., Hill, J. O., Phinney, S. D., Kolotkin, R. L., Miller-Kovach, K., & Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2003). Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. Jama, 289, 1792–1798. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2....
Hong, P., Lishner, D. A., & Han, K. H. (2014). Mindfulness and eating: an experiment examining the effect of mindful raisin eating on the enjoyment of sampled food. Mindfulness, 5, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671....
Hussein, M., Egan, H., & Mantzios, M. (2017). Mindful construal diaries: a less anxious, more mindful, and more self-compassionate method of eating. Sage Open, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/215824....
Kristeller, J. L., & Wolever, R. Q. (2010). Mindfulness-based eating awareness training for treating binge eating disorder: the conceptual foundation. Eating Disorders, 19, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/106402....
Lillis, J., Hayes, S., Bunting, K., & Masuda, A. (2009). Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to improve the lives of the obese: a preliminary test of a theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160....
Mantzios, M., & Egan, H. (2018). An exploratory examination of mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating in relation to motivations to eat palatable foods and BMI. Health Psychology Report, 6, 207–2015. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.20....
Mantzios, M., Egan, H., Bahia, H., Hussain, M., & Keyte, R. (2018). How does grazing relate to body mass index, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating in a student population? Health Psychology Open, 5, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/.
Mantzios, M., Egan, H., Hussain, M., Keyte, R., & Bahia, H. (2018). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating in relation to fat and sugar consumption: an exploratory investigation. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23, 833–840. https://doi.org/1007/s40519-01....
Mantzios, M., & Giannou, K. (2014). Group vs. single mindfulness meditation: exploring avoidance, impulsivity, and weight management in two separate mindfulness meditation settings. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 6, 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.1....
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. (2014a). Exploring mindfulness and mindfulness with self-compassion-centered interventions to assist weight loss: theoretical considerations and preliminary results of a randomized pilot study. Mindfulness, 6, 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671....
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. C. (2014b). Making concrete construals mindful: a novel approach for developing mindfulness and self-compassion to assist weight loss. Psychology & Health, 29, 422–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/088704....
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. C. (2015a). Mindfulness, eating behaviours, and obesity: a review and reflection on current findings. Current Obesity Reports, 4, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679....
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. C. (2015b). Exploring mindfulness and mindfulness with self-compassion-centered interventions to assist weight loss: theoretical considerations and preliminary results of a randomized pilot study. Mindfulness, 6, 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671....
Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P. (2015). The role of negative cognitions, intolerance of uncertainty, mindfulness, and self-compassion in weight regulation among male army recruits. Mindfulness, 6, 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671....
Laraia, B. A., Hecht, F. M., & Daubenmier, J. (2016). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindful eating, sweets consumption, and fasting glucose levels in obese adults: data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 39, 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865....
Mintel (2014). Dieting in 2014? You’re not alone – 29 million Brits have tried to lose weight in the last year. Mintel.com. Retrieved from www.mintel.com/press-centre/social-and-lifestyle/dieting-in-2014-you-are-not-alone.
Mobbs, O., Crepin, C., Thiery, C., Golay, A., & van der Linden, M. (2010). Obesity and the four facets of impulsivity. Patient, Education and Counseling, 79, 372–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/k.pec.....
NHS (2016). Top diets review for 2016 – Live Well – NHS Choices. Retrieved from www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/top-10-most-popular-diets-review.aspx.
O’Reilly, G. A., Cook, L., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Black, D. S. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions for obesity-related eating behaviours: a literature review. Obesity Reviews, 15, 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12....
Peet, M. (2004). Diet, diabetes and schizophrenia: review and hypothesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.18....
Sobal, J., & Cassidy, C. M. (1987). Dieting foods: conceptualizations and explanations. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 20, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/036702....
Tanskanen, A., Hibbeln, J. R., Tuomilehto, J., Uutela, A., Haukkala, A., Viinamäki, H., Lehtonen, J., & Vartiainen, E. (2001). Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatric Services, 52, 529–531. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.p....
Tapper, K., Shaw, C., Ilsley, J., Hill, A. J., Bond, F. W., & Moore, L. (2009). Exploratory randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention for women. Appetite, 52, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appe....
Tomiyama, A. J., Mann, T., Vinas, D., Hunger, J. M., DeJager, J., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Low calorie dieting increases cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b....
Tsai, A. G., & Wadden, T. A. (2005). Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4....
Wadden, T., Stunkard, A., & Smoller, J. (1986). Dieting and depression: A methodological study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 869–871. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-....
Warren, J. M., Smith, N., & Ashwell, M. (2017). A structured literature review on the role of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in changing eating behaviours: effectiveness and associated mechanisms. Nutrition Research Reviews, 30, 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S09544....
World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic (No. 894). World Health Organization. Retrieved from www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/.
Yancy, W. S., Olsen, M. K., Guyton, J. R., Bakst, R. P., & Westman, E. C. (2004). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 769–777. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4....
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.